Help Human Genetic Questions?
please help me with these questions, i dont get these!!!
1. a red flower with a white flower producing a pink flower is an example of what type of inheritance.
2. 1-22 chromosomes are call? 23rd pair of chromesomes is called?
3. What is the difference between polygenic, multiple alleles, codominance, and sex-linked inheritance.
4. what type of inheritance are blood types resulting from?
5. How are the following genetic diseases inherited: Cystic fibrosis, Tay-sachs, PKU, Huntington’s diesease, hemophilia, & homozygous recessive.
6. whats a heterozygous, homozgous dominant, & homozygous recessive?
7. Interpret a pedigree chart.
1. Incomplete dominance. ( The offspring are an intermediate of the parental types because neither the red or white allele is completely dominant to the other)
2. 1 -22 are called autosomal (normal body chromosomes) 23 is called the sex chromosomes because they determine the sex of the individual.
3. Polygenic is when a characteristic is determined by more than one gene eg height or skin tone.
Multiple alleles is where a characteristic is determined by more than one pair of alleles.
Co dominance is where two alleles are equally dominant and are both expressed in the phenotype.
eg In the human ABO blood grouping system A and B are codominant but are both dominant to O.
ie possible groups are Group A genotypes AA or AO
Group B genotypes BB or BO or Group AB genotype AB
Sex linked inheritance is where a gene is found on the X chromosome but not on the shorter Y chromosome.
Sex linked conditions are more common in males than females since males only have to have one recessive allele for it to be expressed , females must have two. Passed from mother to son (because father passes on the Y chromosome to his sons). For females to inherit a sex linked condition her father must be affected and her mother a carrier.
4. SEE ABOVE
5. Cystic fibrosis – autosomal recessive
Tay – Sachs – ?
PKU – inborn error in metabolism . Gene mutation resulting in failure to produce the enzyme required to metabolise phenylalanine in the diet.
Huntington’s disease – Autosomal dominant.
Haemophilia – Sex linked
6. Heterozygous – When an individual has two different alleles for a characteristic.
Homozygous means the individual carries two alleles which are the same for a particular characteristic.
eg Pea plants can be tall which is dominant (T) or dwarf which is recessive (t)
Heterozygous = Tt
Homozygous dominant = TT
Homozygous recessive = tt
7. Which pedigree chart????
Hope this helps!
ASHG 2010 Mtg.: “Discovery of a Gene for Kabuki Syndrome by Exome Sequencing” (Mark Hannibal)
GOOD NEWS for all the health freaks, next time you go out to shop better buy yourself The Insight personal genetic testing kit. This kit will help you check diseases like Alzheimer, breast cancer and dozen others. The kit will be available in the market by Friday, making Walgreens the first American store to sell at-home test kit.
The kit will make the test as easy as one of those pregnancy tests that can be done at home these days. The marketers are of the opinion that it will help people to ensure that they are living a healthy life and can get to know more about a disease much before consulting the doctor. On the other hand the counselors are worried that consumer may not understand test result and can misuse it.
Pathway Genomics has not got The Food and Drug Administration approval; because the company believes that its test meets federal regulations.The pregnancy test accuracy can be found in the journals of Edinburgh University’s test reports.According to them, the tests are not an in-vitro medical device and are not intended for use in diagnosis treatment or cure of diseases. The company feels that everyone has a right to know more about the hidden secrets of their DNA.
The test kit is available for $20 to$30 and the buyer also gets a vial and mailing envelope with it. One can mail the samples of saliva and then check the results online. The reports costs $79 to $179 depending upon the type of test one undergoes.So, take it easy and have your Pregnancy Tests at your doorstep.
About the Author
Read here for more information related to Pregnancy Tips and Pregnant Woman.
Genetic Testing for Heart Disease
Useful information you should use to judge a rare dog breeder
Like in any other business out there, you will find cheats and swindlers and this short article will help to protect yourself. In my day, personally dealt with many dog breeders of all kinds, including rare dog breeders and noticed the differences between the good and the bad. Here is some of what I’ve learned:
Don’t buy from dog breeders that do the following:
Breeders selling puppies that are under 7 weeks old are causing harm to the dogs because early separation from the litter can damage them psychologically and socially. A rare dog breed that is damaged in such a way is more of a crime than a not so rare breed. At least it should be a crime. And besides, you don’t want a dog with personality problems. Ask the breeder how old the puppy is and do some research on the internet to find out roughly what size the dog should be. (Height and weight)
Breeders that let you handle very young puppies are heightening the chances that the dogs will transmit diseases and pass them on to the other dogs. An experienced breeder knows these risks and many other rare little packs of trouble. Buy from a breeder who seems FAR too cautious rather than lax and permitting.
Breeders that show you no proof that the rare breeds, usually pedigree dogs, have been tested for genetic and other diseases. If they aren’t up front about something then that usually means there’s something to hide.
Buy from a breeder who does the following: (Generally look for the opposites of what’s listed above. Below are examples of integrity.)
They belong to a rare dog breeders club and encourage you to speak with other members.
Experienced dog breeders are usually very passionate about breeds and especially rare breeds. A good dog breeder will ask you lots of questions to make sure the dog is going into safe hands. As the breed becomes more rare, the breeder will use more caution because he has integrity. Looking for rare dog breeds should direct a lot of questions your way.
The dog breeder will spend time making sure you understand his suggestions regarding examinations, health, diet info, etc. The breeder will be very serious about this because the dog’s safety is most important to him.
Look for the breeder’s values before you look at the breeds. If he is out looking for a sale then he might lie to you, and he might endanger the dogs. Use these tips to objectively judge how likely it is that the breeder is being up front with you.
Sincerely,
Rusty .S
Permission to the reprint rights of the article, free of charge, provided that the article remains unchanged and the authors resource box is included in the reprint.
About the Author
I hope you will find my article useful. I am a dog enthusiast and have been for many years. I’ve inspired many of my close friends to purchase specific rare breeds and am now trying to become a breeder myself.Also, learn all about a great inexpensive dog training system that worked wonders for me http://lennybruce.sitstay.hop.clickbank.net/
Record Number of Medicines in Development for Rare Diseases
Before starting my article I will like to say a few words about health.
“Every human being is the author of his own health or disease.”
“He, who has health, has hope. And he, who has hope, has everything.”
“It is health that is real wealth and not pieces of gold and silver.”
Rottweilers: these dogs may look pretty tough, stocky and powerful from the outside but when it comes to health problems they sure may have their own sets of problems. For this reason, it cannot be repeated enough the importance of purchasing Rottweiler dogs from reputable breeders that test their breeding specimens for hereditary disorders. Breeding specimens that test positive to any hereditary disorders are therefore eliminated from the breeding pool. This significantly lowers the chances of encountering any genetic disorders.
Common Health Problems in Rottweiler Dogs
Orthopedic Disorders
-Hip Dysplasia
This genetic disorder is a common occurrence in large and giant dog breeds. It tends to occur when the hip bone and socket bones do not adhere as they are supposed to causing severe pain and debilitation. Responsible dog breeders will only breed their breeding dog specimens after they have received clearance for OFA, the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Diagnosis is obtained after reviewing hip x-rays and classifying the hips under the following categories: Excellent,Good, Fair, Borderline, Mild Dysplasia, Moderate Dysplasia or Severe Dysplasia.
-Elbow Dysplasia
Elbow dysplasia is a malformation of the elbow. Just as hip dysplasia, OFA can certify dogs for elbow dysplasia on a pass or fail basis. Responsible breeders will test their breeding specimens for this disorer as well.
-Osteocondrosis Dissecans (OCD)
This is a disease that affects the bone cartilage of growing dogs causing symptoms similar to arthritis. Multiple joints are affected the most common ones being the shoulder and elbow followed by elbow, hock and knee. The causes may be various ranging from genetics, rapid growth as seen in large breeds, hormone imbalances, and nutrition.
-Panosteitis
Also known as growing pains, pano is a disorder affecting large breed dogs for even 18 months. The causes are unknown however, there may be chances it ca be due to genetics, nutrition, or even bacteria. Affected dogs develop lameness that typically shifts from one leg to the other.occasionally dogs may also develop a fever.
Other non Orthopedic Conditions
-Bloat
As any other deep chested dogs, Rottweilers may be prone to developing bloat, a life threatening condition where the stomach swells due to the presence of gas and/or fluids. Dogs may develop bloat from over eating, drinking water after strenuous exercise or after eating or eating after vigorous exercise. Affected dogs will pace, retch without being able to vomit, drool and appear restless. This is a medical emergency where time is of the essence.
-Von Willebrand Disease
This disease is hereditary and is somehow similar to hemophilia experienced in humans. However, unlike hemophilia it is not sex linked and may affect both sexes. Because this disease affects the blood’s ability to clot properly, affected dogs will experience prolonged and significant bleeding even after minimal trauma such as a broken toe nail.
-Sub Aortic Stenosis
This is a cardiac problem problem which has a genetic link. Responsible breeders are also working on preventing such disorder from happening. The disorder is due to a structural defect where there is additional tissue that prevents the heart from pumping the blood as it is supposed to, therefore working harder than necessary.
-Hypothyroidism
In other words, affected dogs have low thyroid levels causing a variety of symptoms such as being lethargic, loss of energy, a dull coat with thinning hair a irregular heat cycles in females. The condition is corrected with thyroid medication.
-Eye Disorders
Entropian and Ectropian are both defects of the eyelids either rolling inward or rolling outward. Other conditions are Progressive Retinal Atrophy and Cataracts. Board certified ophthalmologists can screen for genetic eye disorders and the dogs free of hereditary eye disorders can be registered with the Canine Eye Registry Foundation (CERF).
-Cancer
Unfortunately bone cancer (osteosarcomas) are becoming common in this breed. There are studies suggesting a link between spaying and neutering at an early age and the incidence of bone cancer.
As seen Rottweilers may be prone to a variety of disorders.However, the chances of such disorders may be reduced greatly by staying away from back yard breeder newspaper ads and resorting to responsible qualified breeders only that offer health certificates. The Rottweiler’s life expectancy ranges between 10 -12 years of age.
About the Author
For more information about health and fitness, body fitness guide, health tips, baby care tips, parenting tips, health exercises, workouts, men’s health, women’s health and teen health, please visit www.pkdoctor.com
Genetics and Health (Part 1)
