examples of hereditary diseases?
Royal Deaths And Diseases 3 of 5 (part 5/5)
PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES IN NON-HCV AND HBV IN OUR POPULATION:
Authors:DRghulamrasoolbhurgri,shamim-ur-rehman,bilawal, anisrehman.
SUMMARY:
Liver diseases are damaged the function of hapetocytes, it may causes hepatocellular necrosis, fibrosis, and regeneration with nodule formation.
In our study there was a group of patients who is negative for both viral markers, there were more females that have chronic liver disease. This group need to the investigated further for other well defined but uncommon causes of chronic liver disease.
Key words: hepatitis, liver disease, chronic liver disease, hepatitis C virus, hepatitisB virus, cirrohosis.
INTRODUCTION:
Chronic liver disease in which liver damage slowly by process and persisting over long time.It means it act as slow poison for healthy human body. It is characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrous scar tissue as well as regenerative nodules (lumps that occurs as a result of a process inwhich damage tissue is regenerated.It is already to progressive loss of liver function-cirrhosis is due to alcoholism, but in our population it is prohibited by people due religion, poverty and customs society, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B virus are main role this dangerous disease in our population.
BASIC STRUCTURE OF LIVER:
“Liver is the largest gland in the body weighing about 1.4 k.g in an adult. It is situated under diaphragm in the upper abdomen cavity and is held in place by several ligaments.It is reddish-brown colour and comprise of four anatomical lobes.When viewed from the front the dominant left and right lobes can be seen which are separated by falciform ligament.Situated in a depression on the posterior surface of the liver in the gall bladder, a pear shaped sac which stores bile synthesis by the liver.The liver performs many metabolic functions. It has ability to store and metabolites useful substances such as nutrients,but it breakdown or detoxifying harmful substances to render then inert and less harmful”(Dr.viva Rolfe 2004)
“Liver weighing roughly 1.2-1.6 k.g performs many of the functions necessary for staying healthy. It is located in the right side of the body under the lower ribs and is divided into four lobes of unequal size. Two large vessels carry blood to the liver, the hepatic artery comes from heart and carries blood rich in nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. These vessels divided into smaller and smaller vessels, ending in capillaries. Each lobule is composed of hepatocytes, add, and remove substance from it. The blood then leaves the liver via the hepatic vein, returned to the heart, and is ready to be pumped to the rest of the blood.
Among the most important liver functions are,
“Liver is an organ in vertebrates, including humans. It plays a major in metabolism and has a number of functions in the body including detoxification, glucagon storage and plasma proteins sythesis.I t also produces bile, which is important for digestion. It also starts in hepato or hepatic from Greek word for liver, hepar. Hepatocytes play main role in.
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF LIVER:
“Liver functions: HEMOSTASISè glucose, protein, fat, cholesterol, hormones, vitamins, in particular fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)
SYNTHESISè protein including clotting factors, bile acids, heparin, somatomedins, promote growth hormones, cholesterol and acute phase of proteins.
STORAGEè vitamins, glycogen, cholesterol. Iron, copper, fats.
EXCRETIONè cholesterol, bile acids, phopholipds, bilurobin, drugs, poison including heavy metals, hormones.
FILTERINGè poisons, nutrients, Iga, drugs, dead damage cells in circulatory system.
IMMUNEè excretes Iga into digestive tract kupffer cells (macrophages) filter out antigens.” (Liver foundations-2002).
“The liver is vulnerable to a wide of variety of metabolic, toxin, microbial, circulatory and neoplastic insults. The dominant primary diseases of the liver are viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. More often, hepatic damage is secondary, to some of the most common diseases in humans, such as cardiac decompensation, disseminated cancer and extrahepatic function. There are following morphological changes in liver:
ETIOLOGY OF LIVER DISEASE.
“There are following main causes of liver diseases,Hepatitis virus A,B,C,D,E. Epstein-Barvirus,cytomegalovirus,yellowfever virus.Non-viral infection:leptospira, toxoplasma gendi,q fever,Poison-aflatoxin, carbantetrachloride, mushrooms, Drugs- paracetamol ,halothane, alcohal, pergnancy,shock, wilson disease.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
SYMPTOMS:anorexia, malaise,fever,jaundice, right abdomenal pain,hepatomegaly, gynicomastacia, pruritus,hematamesis, confusions,
SIGNS: jaundice, hepatomegaly, pale stool, dark colored urine, palmer erythrema, clubbing, jaundice, spleenomegaly testicular atrophy, gynecomastia, with other complications- colateralveins peripheral edema, ascites.”(Davidson-2004)
COMMON LABS:TESTS FOR LIVER DISEASES:
“The diagnosis of liver diseases depends upon a combination of history, physical examination,labortary testing and sometime radiological studies and biopsy.
METHOD;
One hundred patient diagnosed as chronic liver disease,from which 35 patients were enrolled in this study protocol,after consent,after screening, duration of study was between 2005-2006, admitted in NonHCV,HBV, liver cirrhotic disease ward, in Muammad Medical College Hospital,
AIM AND OBJECTIVE OTHIS STUDY:
To evaluated the causes of liver diseases without virus,because liver was deterioate in its function due to HCV,and HBV,it was common concept in our community.No doubt it was still a big danger for our population.
RESULTS:
These results were analytic by help of spss from which frequecies of each group were describer as follw:
Mean of reseach found in graphs
Summary of study and corelation of each group were analised very well.
BIOSTATISTICS ANALYSIS:
Frequencies:
Correlation
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
N
Total number of patients
41.1100
12.10467
100
Total number of liver cirrhotic patients
40.6000
11.50499
35
Total male patients
29.8000
5.62139
15
Total female patients
48.7000
7.24097
20
Correlation
Total number of patients
Total number of liver cirrhotic patients
Total male patients
Total female patients
Total number of patients
Pearson Correlation
1
1.000(**)
.998(**)
.526(*)
Sig. (2-tailed)
.
.000
.000
.017
N
100
35
15
20
Total number of liver cirrhotic patients
Pearson Correlation
1.000(**)
1
1.000(**)
.525(*)
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
.
.
.018
N
35
35
15
20
Total male patients
Pearson Correlation
.998(**)
1.000(**)
1
.883(**)
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
.
.
.000
N
15
15
15
15
Total female patients
Pearson Correlation
.526(*)
.525(*)
.883(**)
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
.017
.018
.000
.
N
20
20
15
20
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
DISCUSSION:
In this prospective study, there were certain points for consideration that what causes of females affected more by liver disease as compared male.This study showed females were more,interpreted by graphs and charts.
Chronic liver disease is marked by gradual destruction of liver tissue overtime.It is seventh leading cause of death in United States, according to National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidneys disease becaudse of chronic damage to the liver, scar tissue slowly replaces normal functioning liver tissue, as the normal liver is lost, nutrients, hormones, drugs, and poisons,are not processed effectively by the liver. In addition, protein production and other substances produced by the liver are inhibited.
“obesity is not associated with nonalcohlic fatty liver disease but it also adversely affects the progression of other liver disease.Specific directly interventions should focus on decreasing intake of low-nutrient and high sodium food, as wellas high fat sources of meat/ protein”(kimech et al 2008)
“our study match with the study of the klad chareon et al(2004) in which they aimed to determine the prevalences on non alcohalic steatohepatitis in thai patients with non HBV,HCV,chronic hepatitis. Forty six patients with negative markers of viral hepatitis B and viral hepatitis C and non alcohalic consumption were enrolled.just in our study we enrolled 100liver cirrhotic patients from which we selected non alcohalic and non HBV,HCV.They informed consent for liver biopsy and blood collecting to identify the etiological of chronic hepatitis was performed.Thai patients wth non alcolic,non HBV,HCV,chronic hepatitis with obesity,diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia”(kladchareonN,et al 2004)
“This study match with the study of the Omagrik et al 1996 ,They discovered of hepatitis c virus (HCV) has enabled the diagnosis of type c chronic liver disease, which had the past been diagnosed as part of non-A,non-B,chronic liver disease. Although most cases with chronic liver were by hepatitis B,C there are stillcases of non B,C,chronic liver disease.Forty two patients with chronic liver disease who were seronegative hepatitis B,Cwere followed in the study for treatment.The yearly incidence hepatocellular carcinoma 9.3% with liver cirrohosis and 3.9% of chronic hepatitis.This suggested that their population sample contained a number of patients with type B,typeC or other etiological agents.Our study suggested that more detialed and accurate tests of detecting HBV andHCV should be considered before maing diagnosis o non B,nonC chronic liver disease that there was need to revial unknown etiological agents.
REFERENCES:
About the Author
working>as>assitant>professor>inmmc>mirpurkhas>sindh
What Causes An Auto-Immune Disease In The Kidneys?
three diseases affecting the nervous system and treatment to it?
i want three diseases and its treatment in full explain
Its alot of Information to write so I thought Id just contribute one;
Meningitis is one of the most serious infections you can have. It is also one of the scariest understandably, since untreated, some forms of meningitis can cause death or lasting impairment.
The meninges are membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord. There are actually three layers of membrane: the “dura”, which is a tough outer layer; the “arachnoid”, which is a lacy, web-like middle layer; and the “pia”, which is a delicate, fibrous inner layer containing many of the blood vessels that feed the brain and cord.
Meningitis, strictly speaking, is an inflammation of the meninges.
the most common cause of meningeal inflammation is irritation caused by infection with bacteria or viruses. These organisms usually enter the meninges through the bloodstream from other parts of the body. Many meningitis-causing bacteria are carried in the nose and throat, often without the carrier having symptoms.
Viral meningeal infections are usually (but not always) less severe than bacterial infections. This is quite fortunate, since there are no antibiotic treatments available for most viruses and we must therefore let viral meningitis run its course by itself.
Bacterial meningitis, on the other hand, must be treated with antibiotics in most cases to avoid severe consequences. Unfortunately the only way to confirm that meningitis is not bacterial is to culture the spinal fluid and see if there are bacteria in it. This can take 2-5 days. Since a bacterial meningitis can do a LOT of damage in 2-5 days, antibiotics is given immediately after doing the spinal tap and keep giving the antibiotics until the culture has shown no bacteria for 2-5 days.
Since inflammation and resulting swelling seem to be the main cause of brain damage from meningitis, steroids have been used in some cases to help lessen the inflammation. Steroids usually are given along with antibiotics or just before the antibiotics are given, and may not be appropriate in all cases of meningitis.
About Neurologists : What Do Neurologists Do?
Looking for an inexpensive small business health insurance plan? Here’s how to get affordable small business health insurance with a reliable company.
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About the Author
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End of Life Decisions Part 1
Disease is the term used for any condition or tendency that hampers the normal functioning of the body. In general, human beings refer the term ‘disease’ to any condition that causes uneasiness, dysfunction etc. The study of diseases is called pathology. Also, the classification of diseases is called Nosology.
Diseases can be classified based on the cause or the mechanism by which the disease is caused.
There are various factors that cause disease. They are classified as:
 Intrinsic factor – Disease caused due to the abnormalities existing within the body. They include genetic defects, stress-related diseases, autoimmune disorders, nutritional defects etc.
 Extrinsic factor – Disease caused due to environmental conditions. An example for extrinsic factor may be passive smoking.
There are also other factors that cause diseases they are social, psychological, chemical and biological. These factors may fall into intrinsic or extrinsic factors. For example, when it comes to cigarette smoking the smoke released contains chemical substances that causes diseases to the smoker as well as the neighboring person. This is called either chemical factor or extrinsic factor.
When harmful germs or microbes (like bacteria, viruses and protozoa) enter the human body, they multiply and cause diseases, the human body is said to have an infection.
Infections are classified as
 Infectious disease
 Non-infectious disease
Infectious diseases are those diseases that transmit from one person to another. These diseases are transmitted through air, insect bites, infected injections, contaminated water or food and sometimes through blood transfusion. These diseases can also be called as contagious or communicable diseases. To avoid spreading of this type of disease it is advised to take the appropriate medicines that fight the germs that cause them. Also, it is better to stay away from person during the time when the disease can be spread.
Non-infectious diseases are those diseases that do not transmit from one person to another. Examples of non-infectious disease are diabetes, stress-related disease etc.
The nine most expensive diseases in the US according to an article in Forbes, based on the research performed by Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) are:
Diseases Annual Cost
Heart Conditions (this excludes hypertension and elevated cholesterol) $68 billion
Trauma $56 billion
Cancer $48 billion
Mental Illness $48 billion
Respiratory Ailments $45 billion
Hypertension $32.5 billion
Arthritis And Joint Disorders $32 billion
Diabetes $28 billion
Back Problems $23 billion
The research further provides with the fast growing diseases in the US. Some of the diseases listed in the research are:
 Esophageal Disorders
The cost per patients has come down whereas the number of people diagnosed with heartburn and related disorders have increased by 509% to 10 million between 1997 and 1996-2002.
 High Cholesterol
The number of people diagnosed with High Cholesterol has increased by 145% to 19 million.
 Hemorrhoids
The number of people increased by only 23% to 1.2 million.
 Anxiety Disorders
The number of patients treated for anxiety has doubled to 12 million over five years.
 Breast Cancer
The number of cases rose 65% to 1.2 million.
About the Author
To learn more on Disease Control and Prevention go to
Diseases Blog
PANDA AND OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1/21/10
